Wednesday, August 15, 2012

Men and Women Really Do Think Differently

Men and women do think differently, at least where the anatomy of the brain is concerned, according to a new study.

The brain is made primarily of two different types of tissue, called gray matter and white matter. This new research reveals that men think more with their gray matter, and women think more with white. Researchers stressed that just because the two sexes think differently, this does not affect intellectual performance.

Psychology professor Richard Haier of the University of California, Irvine led the research along with colleagues from the University of New Mexico. Their findings show that in general, men have nearly 6.5 times the amount of gray matter related to general intelligence compared with women, whereas women have nearly 10 times the amount of white matter related to intelligence compared to men.

"These findings suggest that human evolution has created two different types of brains designed for equally intelligent behavior," said Haier, adding that, "by pinpointing these gender-based intelligence areas, the study has the potential to aid research on dementia and other cognitive-impairment diseases in the brain."

The results are detailed in the online version of the journal NeuroImage.

In human brains, gray matter represents information processing centers, whereas white matter works to network these processing centers.

The results from this study may help explain why men and women excel at different types of tasks, said co-author and neuropsychologist Rex Jung of the University of New Mexico. For example, men tend to do better with tasks requiring more localized processing, such as mathematics, Jung said, while women are better at integrating and assimilating information from distributed gray-matter regions of the brain, which aids language skills.

Scientists find it very interesting that while men and women use two very different activity centers and neurological pathways, men and women perform equally well on broad measures of cognitive ability, such as intelligence tests.

This research also gives insight to why different types of head injuries are more disastrous to one sex or the other. For example, in women 84 percent of gray matter regions and 86 percent of white matter regions involved in intellectual performance were located in the frontal lobes, whereas the percentages of these regions in a man's frontal lobes are 45 percent and zero, respectively. This matches up well with clinical data that shows frontal lobe damage in women to be much more destructive than the same type of damage in men.

Both Haier and Jung hope that this research will someday help doctors diagnose brain disorders in men and women earlier, as well as provide help designing more effective and precise treatments for brain damage.

Male Brain vs. Female Brain I: Why do Men Try to Figure Out Their Relationships? Why do Women Talk to Their Cars?

Research in evolutionary psychology and related fields has uncovered the distinct ways that men’s minds and women’s minds operate. Few have made greater contribution to the discovery of the “male brain” and the “female brain” than Simon Baron-Cohen of the University of Cambridge, Bernard Crespi of Simon Fraser University, and my esteemed LSE colleague Christopher Badcock. So what is the male brain? What is the female brain?
The male brain is characterized by systemizing tendencies (to use Baron-Cohen’s term) and mechanistic thinking (to use Crespi and Badcock’s term). “Systemizing” is the drive to analyze, explore, and construct a system. The systemizer intuitively figures out how things work, or extracts the underlying rules that govern the behavior of a system. The purpose of this is to understand and predict the system, or to invent a new one.
In contrast, the female brain is characterized by empathizing tendencies (to use Baron-Cohen’s term) or mentalistic thinking (to use Crespi and Badcock’s term). “Empathizing” is the drive to identify another person’s emotions and thoughts, and to respond to them with an appropriate emotion. Empathizing occurs when we feel an appropriate emotional reaction in response to the other person’s emotions. The purpose of this is to understand another person, to predict his or her behavior, and to connect or resonate with him or her emotionally.
The difference between “mechanism” and “mentalism” is similar to the difference between “systemizing” and “empathizing.” In short, mechanism is about figuring things out (folk physics); mentalism is aboutunderstanding people (folk psychology).
There are many individual exceptions to any empirical generalization, but exceptions do not invalidate generalizations. For example, there are many women who are taller than the average man, and there are many men who are shorter than the average woman. But the generalization “Men are on average taller than women” is still valid. Similarly, not all men have a strong male brain, and not all women have a strong female brain, but there are average differences between men and women, and men are far more likely to have the male brain and women are far more likely to have the female brain.
These sex differences emerged during the course of human evolution because men and women often faced different selection pressures. Men have come to acquire systemizing and mechanistic skills because such skills were necessary for inventing and making tools and weapons. At the same time, low empathizing ability was helpful for men in tolerating solitude during long hunting and tracking trips, and for committing acts of interpersonal violence and aggression necessary for male competition. (It is very difficult to kill other people if you strongly feel for them.) Similarly, women have come to acquire empathizing and mentalistic skills because they facilitate various aspects of mothering, such as anticipating and understanding the needs of infants who cannot yet talk, or making friends and allies in new environments, in which ancestral women found themselves upon marriage. (In the ancestral environment, women left their natal group and married into a neighboring group upon puberty, a practice necessary to avoid inbreeding.)
The late William D. Hamilton, the Oxford evolutionary biologist who is universally regarded as “the best Darwinian since Darwin,” said it best, when he noted, “People divide roughly, it seems to me, into two kinds, or rather a continuum is stretched between two extremes. There are people people, and things people.” What the recent work of Baron-Cohen and Crespi and Badcock shows is that, to a large extent, people people are women, and things people are men.
Men’s greater systemizing and mechanistic skills are the primary reasons why they are better than women at mathematics, physics, and engineering, because all of these fields deal with various rational “systems” governed by rules. Women’s greater empathizing and mentalistic skills are the primary reasons why they are better at languages and why they are better judges of character. Women also dominate primatology, which, like mothering of infants, requires understanding and reading the minds of individuals with whom they cannot communicate by language.
But these adaptive sex differences sometimes misfire and manifest themselves in comical ways. For example, men’s greater tendency toward systemizing and mechanistic thinking means that they often try to “figure out” their relationships with their girlfriends as if they are logical systems or a carburetor. They don’t realize that relationships involve other human beings with emotions and feelings, which are not always rational and logical, and they instead treat other people as if they were machines. Similarly, women often talk to their cars and copy machines, as if they had minds and feelings. They don’t realize that they cannot really relate to their cars and copy machines, because they have no feelings or emotions; they have no “minds” they can read.
On the whole, however, these sex differences are adaptive. Men and women are different because their brains function in different ways and as a result they have different strengths and weaknesses. But what happens when their brains are too strong in one way or the other? What happens if they have an “extreme male brain” or “extreme female brain”?
Both the systemizing/mechanistic skills characteristic of the male brain and the empathizing/mentalistic skills characteristic of the female brain are distributed normally in the population. It means that most men and most women have their sex-typical brains in the moderate range, but some people have extremely strong or extremely weak versions (just like most people are of average height, but some people are extremely tall or extremely short). What are the “extreme male brain”? What are the “extreme female brain”?
Simon Baron-Cohen revolutionized the study of autism and autism-spectrum disorders (such as Asperger’s syndrome) by suggesting that autism is a manifestation of an “extreme male brain.” The male brain tends toward systemizing and mechanistic thinking, treating other people as if they were logical systems or machines. If you take this tendency to an extreme, you would treat everyone as if they were machines without minds or feelings. That, according to Baron-Cohen, is the essence of autism, which he calls “mindblindness.” Mindblind people (autistics) are blind to other people’s minds or emotions. In fact, they don’t even know that other people have minds separate from their own; autistics tend to assume that other people know and think exactly what they do. Baron-Cohen’s notion of autism as the extreme male brain explains why an overwhelming majority of autistics (four out of five) are men and there are relatively few female autistics (although, once again, there are exceptions to the general pattern; there is an occasional “girl with a boys brain.”)
Even after Baron-Cohen figured out the essence of autism as an extreme male brain, the nature of the other extreme, an extreme female brain, remained a puzzle, until Bernard Crespi and Christopher Badcock figured out what an extreme female brain might entail.
The female brain tends toward empathizing and mentalizing thinking, treating machines and objects as if they were other people. They attribute minds, thoughts, and feelings to inanimate objects. That, according to Crespi and Badcock, is the essence of paranoid schizophrenia. Paranoid schizophrenics hear voices where there are no people, and they attribute minds and thinking where none exist, such as when they believe other people are talking about or conspiring against them when they aren’t. Paranoid schizophrenics are hypermentalistic, and overinfer minds and emotions in other people, just as autistics are hypomentalistic, and underinfer minds and emotions in other people.
In their forthcoming article in the premier journal Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Crespi and Badcock present a very convincing case for paranoid schizophrenia as an extreme female brain. Now the whole picture appears to be complete. When your brain is “too male,” too systemizing, too mechanistic, you become autistic. When your brain is “too female,” too empathizing, too mentalistic, you become paranoid schizophrenic. If the extreme male brain of an autistic is “mindblind,” then you might suggest that the extreme female brain of a paranoid schizophrenia is “logicblind.”

Science Proves it: Men Lie More Than Women

At least that's according to a survey commissioned by the Science Museum of London which quizzed three thousand people about their truthfulness.

According to the responses, on average, British men tell three lies everyday or roughly 1,092 every year. By comparison women, on average, said they only told two fibs a day which works out to 728 lies a year.

So who gets lied to the most? Moms, of course.

Twenty five percent of men said they've lied to the mothers, but only 20 percent of women admitted telling a tall one to mum. By comparison, only about 10 said they lied to their partner.

So what are the top lies? Well, it varies.

Men:
I didn't have that much to drink
Nothing's wrong, I'm fine
I had no signal (cell phone)
It wasn't that expensive
I'm on the way
I'm stuck in traffic
No, your butt doesn't look big in that
Sorry, I missed your call
You've lost weight
It's just what I've always wanted

Women:
Nothing's wrong, I'm fine
I don't know where it is, I haven't touched it
It wasn't that expensive
I didn't have that much to drink
I've got a headache
It was in the sale
I'm on my way
Oh, I've had this ages
No, I didn't throw it away
It's just what I've always wanted

According to the survey, British men lied to their partners most often about their drinking habits while women mostly lied to hide their true feelings.

While women were more likely to feel guilty after telling a lie, both sexes said there were such things as 'acceptable' lies; 75 percent said it was okay if it was done to spare someone's feelings.

30 Reason Why it's better to be a Woman

1. We got off the Titanic first.

2. We get to flirt with systems support men who always return our calls, and are nice to us when we blow up our computers.

3. Our boyfriend's clothes make us look elfin & gorgeous. Guys look like complete idiots in ours.

4. We can be groupies. Male groupies are stalkers.

5. We can cry and get off speeding fines.

6. We've never lusted after a cartoon character or the central female figure in a computer game.

7. Taxis stop for us.

8. Men die earlier, so we get to cash in on the life insurance.

9. We don't look like a frog in a blender when dancing.

10. Free drinks, Free dinners, Free movies ... (you get the point).

11. We can hug our friends without wondering if she thinks we're gay.

12. We can hug our friends without wondering if WE'RE gay.

13. New lipstick gives us a whole new lease on life.

14. It's possible to live our whole lives without ever taking a group shower.

15. We don't have to fart to amuse ourselves.

16. If we forget to shave, no one has to know.

17. We can congratulate our team-mate without ever touching her butt.

18. If we have a zit, we know how to conceal it.

19. We never have to reach down every so often to make sure our privates are still there.

20. If we're dumb, some people will find it cute.

21. We don't have to memorize Caddyshack or Fletch to fit in.

22. We have the ability to dress ourselves.

23. We can talk to people of the opposite sex without having to picture them naked.

24. If we marry someone 20 years younger, we're aware that we look like an idiot.

25. Our friends won't think we're weird if we ask whether there's spinach in our teeth.

26. There are times when chocolate really can solve all your problems.

27. We'll never regret piercing our ears.

28. We can fully assess a person just by looking at their shoes.

29. We know which glass was ours by the lipstick mark.

30. We have enough sense to realize that the easiest way to get out of being lost is to ask for directions.

50 Reasons Why It’s Better To Be A Woman

What did God say after he created man? “I can do better.”

James Brown sings “It’s a Man’s Man’s Man’s World.” I’m sorry Mr. Brown, but I would have to disagree with this comical statement. An apology for this erroneous remark should be made. The “Mans World” perspective has one flaw. The female! The mistaken perception that men rule the world is proven false when you introduce the woman into the equation.

What women understand

A mans world is revolved around sex. It’s a proven statistic that men think about sex every seven seconds. Every seven seconds seems to be a lot in one day. A lot of times where a woman goes through a mans mind in this so call proclaimed “Man’s World.”
Women know how essential we are to men. No matter how much of a front these boys put up, they know women rule their world. Women get to rock men’s worlds. 50 reasons why it’s better to be a woman:

1. Taxis stop for us.

2. Women don’t have to worry about catching anything important in their zipper.

3. Free drinks, free dinners, free movies… (you get the point).

4. Men die earlier, so we can get to cash in on the life insurance.

5. We can hug our friends without wondering if she thinks we’re gay.

6. We can hug our friends without wondering if WE’RE gay.

7. Women know who their children are with out having a DNA test.

8. We can be groupies. Male groupies are stalkers.

9. We can cry and get off speeding tickets.

10. A woman cannot be morally destroyed through an obscene comment about lack of her sexual organ.

You’re man is addicted to sex?

11. New lipstick gives us a whole new lease on life.

12. It’s possible to live our whole lives without ever taking a group shower.

13. We can congratulate our team-mate without ever touching her butt.

14. If we have a zit we know how to conceal it.

15. We never have to reach down every so often to make sure our privates are still there.

16. It’s cool to be a daddy’s girl. It’s sad to be a mama’s boy.

17. If we’re dumb, some people will find it cute.

18. We have the ability to dress ourselves.

19. We can talk to people of the opposite sex without having pictured them naked.

20. There are times when chocolate really can solve all your problems.

21. We can fully assess a person just by looking at their shoes.

22. When a woman hits a man, he cannot strike back. This is a law, which cannot be ignored.

23. Women are given rings and earrings, pendants and bracelets, gold and diamonds.

24. Higher pain thresholds.

25. A woman can never be blamed if it’s wet on the floor around the toilet bowl.

26. If a woman cheats on her spouse everyone will assume its because she was being emotionally neglected.

Have you cyber cheated?

27. Women can get drunk quicker and cheaper than men.

28. Women don’t think reading the manual is a betrayal of all their species stands for.

29. Men take us n all expense paid trips- all we have to do is sleep with them.

30. Were better manipulators.

31. PMS is a legal defense for murder.

32. We always end up sleeping in the bed when we fight with our other halves-guys get the couch.

33. We don’t always have to think with our genital.

34. Most women actually look good in short shorts- men DON’T.

35. Women who don’t wear underwear are considered sexy and wild, when men do it, its rather disgusting.

36. The remote control is not an extension of ourselves.

37. We get candy, flowers, and jewelry all the time because men **** up so often.

38. We lie better.

39. Nature has bestowed multiple orgasms on women and not men.

40. Women get to sit down.

41. Women look better naked.

42. We can have a hidden agenda.

43. We have enough sense to realize that the easiest way to get out of being lost is to ask for directions.

44. We have the ability to dress ourselves.

45. Women know the truth about whether size matters…

Want to make your man better in bed?

46. If a woman cries, she’s sensitive; if a man cries, he’s a wimp.

47. Women know exactly what buttons to push to get exactly what they want.

48. If women get pissed we don’t destroy property or hurt people, we just take it out on the world in general because we can.

49. We can make comments of how silly men are in their presence, because they aren’t listening anyway!

50. We wreak sex appeal.